因果關係英文句型大公開｜英文老師讓你完整學會的因果關係句型
文章編號：G4-001
英文中要表達因果關係或是需要理解這類句子的情況很常見。
大家都知道說明原因最常用的用字是because，而so用來說明結果。
但這兩個字的用法都是用來連接兩個對等的英文句子，而且感覺用法稀鬆平常。
那在英文裡有沒有其他更高竿的說法表達因果關係呢? 當然有，如果原因跟結果都可以用名詞概念來表達的話，那麼以下的動詞或動詞片語可以拿來試試看，讓自己想要用來表達因果關係的英文句子感覺更正式～
如何換個說法表達因果關係？
表達因果關係方法一、原因造成結果
舉例來說，如果要表達「經濟衰退導致失業率增加」這個概念：（假定這件事發生在過去）
如果用because跟so來表達，句子分別是
E.g.: Because the economy was not doing well, the unemployment rate increased.
= The economy was not doing well, so the unemployment rate increased.
* 提醒：because, so不可同時用在同一句英文中唷
如果把原因「經濟下滑」這概念用名詞表達成 the economic recession，結果「失業率上升」這概念名詞化: an increase in the unemployment rate，就可以用以下的動詞或動詞片語表達「經濟下滑造成失業率上升。」
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「A造成B」 A cause B = A lead to B = A contribute to B = A give rise to B = A result in B = A bring about B = A be responsible for B |
E.g.: The economic recession caused an increase in the unemployment rate.
= The economic recession led to an increase in the unemployment rate.
= The economic recession contributed to an increase in the unemployment rate.
= The economic recession gave rise to an increase in the unemployment rate.
= The economic recession resulted in an increase in the unemployment rate.
= The economic recession brought about an increase in the unemployment rate.
= The economic recession was responsible for an increase in the unemployment rate.
表達因果關係方法二、結果是由原因造成的
換個角度想，結果「失業率上升」an increase in the unemployment rate是由原因「經濟下滑」the economic recession造成，那麼就可以用以下的動詞或動詞片語表達「失業率上升是經濟下滑造成的。」
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「B 起因於A」 B be caused by A = B result from A = B arise from A = B stem from A = B be attributed to A |
E.g.: An increase in the unemployment rate was caused by the economic recession.
= An increase in the unemployment rate resulted from the economic recession.
= An increase in the unemployment rate arose from the economic recession.
= An increase in the unemployment rate stemmed from the economic recession.
= An increase in the unemployment rate was attributed to the economic recession.
= An increase in the unemployment rate was chalked up to the economic recession.
其中的B be attributed to A跟B be chalked up to A嚴格來說是表達「B被歸因於A」的意思，如果知道「B是被誰歸因於A」的話，其實還能改成主動句唷．
舉上例來說，如果要表達「失業率的增加被專家歸因於經濟衰退」，那麼這個被動態句子為
An increase in the unemployment rate was attributed/ chalked up to the economic recession by experts.
那麼主動態句子呢？
變成Experts attributed an increase in the unemployment rate to the economic recession.
或是Experts chalked an increase in the unemployment rate up to the economic recession.
表達因果關係總整理
再來一個例子: 現在全世界共同面臨的問題之一就是濫砍森林。而森林消失這件事正在讓很多動物的棲息地都消失了。
如果是用because跟so造句子的話，分別是
E.g.: Because many forests are being cut down, many animals’ habitats are disappearing.
E.g.: Many forests are being cut down, so many animals’ habitats are disappearing.
這邊的原因：濫砍森林可以用deforestation這名詞表達，
結果也可以名詞化, 變成 the loss of many animals’ habitats (很多動物棲息地的消失)。
那就可以用上面兩個表格內的動詞或動詞片語表達囉~
概念圖如下:
濫砍森林已經導致很多動物的棲息地消失。
Deforestation has caused the loss of many animals’ habitats.
= Deforestation has led to the loss of many animals’ habitats.
= Deforestation has contributed to the loss of many animals’ habitats.
= Deforestation has resulted in the loss of many animals’ habitats.
= Deforestation has brought about the loss of many animals’ habitats.
= Deforestation has been responsible for the loss of many animals’ habitats.
很多動物棲息地的消失已被歸因於是濫砍森林。
The loss of many animals’ habitats has been caused by deforestation.
= The loss of many animals’ habitats has resulted from deforestation.
= The loss of many animals’ habitats has arisen from deforestation.
= The loss of many animals’ habitats has stemmed from deforestation.
= The loss of many animals’ habitats has been attributed to deforestation.
＝The loss of many animals' habitats has been chalked up to deforestation.
如果知道是誰正在將很多動物棲息地的消失歸因於砍伐森林的話，上面最後兩句話還能改成主動句唷～
例如要表達「很多保育人士已把很多動物棲息地的消失歸因於砍伐森林．」上面最後那兩句話變成The loss of many animals' habitats has been attributed/ chalked up to deforestation by many conservationists.
改成主動句為：Many conservationists have attributed the loss of many animals' habitats to deforestation.
或是Many conservationists have chalked the loss of many animals' habitats up to deforestation.
總結
建議這些動詞和動詞片語在心裡默背幾次。
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「A造成B」 A cause B = A lead to B = A contribute to B = A give rise to B = A result in B = A bring about B = A be responsible for B |
「B 起因於A」 B be caused by A = B result from A = B arise from A = B stem from A = B be attributed to A |
背好後就可以來試試下面的題目，小試身手唷~
表達因果關係小練習
Exercises: 請選出正確的答案(要注意動詞變化唷)
1. It is a well-known fact that smoking ____________ lung cancer.
(A) contributes to (B) give rise to (C) led to (D) results from
2. His bold investment and wrong judgment ____________ his bankruptcy.
(A) resulted from (B) resulted in (C) was caused by (D) arose from
3. His bankruptcy _____________ his bold investment and wrong judgment.
(A) resulted in (B) resulted from (C) caused (D) led to
4. An outbreak of avian influenza in the USA in 1983-1984 ___________ the destruction of more than 17 million birds at a cost of nearly US$65 million.
(A) resulting in (B) resulted in (C) resulting from (D) resulted from
5. The week-long rainfall has _____________ landslides and flooding in the mountain areas.
(A) brought about (B) been responsible to (C) given rise for (D) led about
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