G23 形容詞/副詞

G23-01英文複合形容詞是什麼?一次學會八大複合形容詞!

英文複合形容詞是什麼?一次學會八大複合形容詞!
 

文章編號:G23-01

英文中,一般大家熟悉的形容詞就是背過的形容詞單字,例如:good, beautiful, nice等,或是動詞變過來的現在分詞當形容詞用,例如:interesting, exciting, boring等,或是動詞變過來的過去分詞當形容詞用,例如: fascinated, depressed, satisfied等。


但還有一類兩個字構成的形容詞,稱之為「複合形容詞」,其形成共有八種規則。因此G23系列一開張就先來聊聊這八種複合形容詞,我們也將在本文中將八大複合形容詞詳細列出規則以及例子,讓你更深入了解複合形容詞,讓我們看下去吧。

 

八大複合形容詞懶人包
 

下面表格先簡單列舉出規則及例子,之後再按表中的數字順序詳細讀解說~

Ving

pp.

N. + 

  1. an energy-saving machine 

  1. a heart-broken girl 

adj. + 

  1. a good-looking man

  1. a green-painted wall

adv. + 

  1. a hard-working student

*此規則有例外

  1. a never-taken path

pp. + prep./adv.

  1. a built-in microphone/ a burnt-out house

adj.+ Ned

  1. a kind-hearted lady


貼心提醒:上述中的前七個規則都和形容詞子句概念有關,如果能先熟悉形容詞子句相關概念,以下的內容會更快理解,其規則也會比較容易記住。形容詞子句概念詳見
G14系列,不然至少也要先懂以下三篇


1. G14-01形容詞子句基礎篇(I):形容詞子句是什麼? 教你先行詞為人,且為主格型關代的形容詞子句運用!


2. G14-02形容詞子句基礎篇(II)  形容詞子句基礎篇先行詞為人,關代為受格或所有格時的形容子句應用


3.G14-03形容詞子句基礎篇(III): 先行詞為物,關代為主格、 受格、 所有格的形容詞子句應用

 

複合形容詞、(1)+ (2) N + Ving/pp.
 

這兩種複合形容詞是怎麼跑出來,好修飾後面的名詞呢?要先想出來該名詞後面接什麼樣的形容詞子句,然後從該子句中去抓其名詞跟相搭配的動詞去變化出來的Ving或pp. 如果該動詞是表主動用法,就把它變化成Ving. 如果該動詞是被動用法,就取它的pp. 搭配例句來理解一下吧~

(以下例句出現的形容詞子句會用紅色括弧標出)



E.g.1: 「這省能源的機器大幅降低了我們的電力使用。」


The machine (which saves energy) greatly cuts down our electric usage. 


說明:該形容詞子句中有名詞energy, 動詞saves是主動用法,故抓出來的複合形容詞為energy-saving. 


→ The energy-saving machine greatly cuts down our electricity usage.




E.g.2: 「一個心碎的女孩獨自坐在公園裡,若有所思。」


A girl (whose heart was broken) sat alone in the park, lost in her thoughts. 


說明:該形容詞子句中有名詞heart, 其搭配的動詞是was broken, 取其過去分詞broken來用,故湊在一起的複合形容詞為heart-broken. 


→ A heart-broken girl sat alone in the park, lost in her thoughts.


 

複合形容詞、(3) + (4) adj. + Ving/ pp.
這兩種複合形容詞的變法也是同樣道理唷~先想出來該名詞後面接什麼樣的形容詞子句,然後從該子句中去抓出形容詞跟相搭配的動詞去變化出來的Ving或pp (Ving表主動,pp.表被動)一樣搭配例句來理解一下吧~

E.g.3: 「一位帥哥走進房間,馬上吸引大家的目光。」

A man (who looked good) walked into the room and instantly caught everyone’s attention. 

說明:該形容詞子句中有形容詞good, 其搭配的動詞looked是主動用法,故改成Ving, looking, 湊在一起就是複合形容詞good-looking.
(更深入解說:這裡的look「看起來」是種連綴動詞,故後面接形容詞,不像一般動詞是用副詞修飾之。詳見G21-01如何使用連綴動詞?3分鐘上手連綴動詞的用法與使用時機內文中第三類連綴動詞用法)

→ A good-looking man walked into the room and instantly caught everyone's attention.


E.g.4: 「一道漆成綠色的牆用它活潑的顏色點亮這整個房間。」

A wall (which was painted green) brightened up the entire room with its vibrant color. 

說明:該形容詞子句中有形容詞green,當作補語來修飾其主詞which(也就是先行詞a wall), 其搭配的動詞was painted是被動用法,故抓其過去分詞painted出來用,湊在一起就是複合形容詞green-painted囉~

→ A green-painted wall brightened up the entire room with its vibrant color.

 

複合形容詞、(5) + (6) adv. + Ving/pp.
 

這兩種複合形容詞同理操作~一樣先想出來該名詞後面接什麼樣的形容詞子句,然後從該子句中去抓出副詞跟相搭配的動詞去變化出來的Ving或pp (Ving表主動,pp.表被動)來看看例句吧~

E.g.5: 「她是個認真工作的學生,一直不斷拿下好成績。」


She is a student (who works hard), consistently achieving top grades. 


說明:該形容詞子句中有副詞hard, 其搭配的動詞works為主動態,故改成Ving, 即working. 二字湊在一起就變成複合形容詞hard-working. 


→ She is a hard-working student, consistently achieving top grades.

 

例外:well-behaved/ well-prepared

E.g.: 「老師用多一點下課時間來獎勵行為舉止良好的孩子。」


The teacher rewarded the kids (who behaved well) with extra recess time.


說明:形容詞子句中有副詞well, 其搭配的動詞behaved雖然為主動態,但卻是用過去分詞behaved去湊出複合形容詞well-behaved. 為什麼不是well-behaving呢?日光也不知道...  


→ The teacher rewarded the well-behaved kids with extra recess time.




E.g.: 「準備充分的參賽者在小考節目時有信心地回答所有問題。」


The contestants (who prepared well) confidently answered all the questions during the quiz show.  


說明:形容詞子句中有副詞well, 其搭配的動詞prepared雖然為主動態,但卻是用過去分詞prepared去湊出複合形容詞well-prepared,而不是well-preparing唷~很特別。


→ The well-prepared contestants confidently answered all the questions during the quiz show.


E.g.6: 「她決定要去探索一條穿過森林未被走過的小路,熱切期待一場新冒險。」


She decided to explore a path (which was never taken) through the forest, eager for a new adventure. 


說明:該形容詞子句中有副詞never, 其搭配的動詞was taken為被動態,故取其過去分詞taken出來用,二字湊在一起就變成複合形容詞never-taken. 


→ She decided to explore a never-taken path through the forest, eager for a new adventure.


 

複合形容詞、(7) pp. + prep./adv. 
 

此類複合形容詞一樣是先想出來其修飾的名詞後面接什麼樣的形容詞子句,然後從該子句中去抓出副詞或介系詞跟相搭配的動詞去變化出來的pp 。一樣用例句來理解一下吧~


E.g.7-1: 「她的耳機包括一個內建麥克風,可以簡單免持聽筒打電話。」


Her headphones include a microphone (which is built in them) for easy hands-free calls. 


說明:該形容詞子句中的動詞為被動態用法is built為被動態,故取其過去分詞built,再接上後面的介係詞in,二字湊在一起就變成複合形容詞built-in. 


→ Her headphones include a built-in microphone for easy hands-free calls.



E.g.7-2: 「街坊鄰居看到他們街上被燒空的房子時,都感到震驚。」


The neighborhood was shocked by the sight of a house (which was burnt out) on their street. 


說明:該形容詞子句中的動詞為被動態用法was burnt為被動態,故取其過去分詞burnt,再接上後面的副詞out,二字湊在一起就變成複合形容詞burnt-out. 


→ The neighborhood was shocked by the sight of a burnt-out house on their street.

 


複合形容詞、(8) adj. + Ned

此類複合形容詞很特別的地方在於名詞竟然可以加ed,變成看似過去分詞的樣子。而其變法就是先想出該複合形容詞修飾的名詞本來後面是接什麼樣的with + adj. + N的片語,取出其中的adj., 並把後面的N加上ed就好囉~來看個例句揣摩一下~

(with片語會用紅色括弧標出)


E.g.: 「村裡的每個人都尊敬這心地善良的女性散發出來的同情心。」


Everyone in the village respected the lady (with a kind heart) for her compassion. 


說明:此處的with片語中有形容詞kind, 後面接名詞heart, 故按照規則湊出來的複合形容詞為kind-hearted. 


→ Everyone in the village respected the kind-hearted lady for her compassion.

 


複合形容詞總結
以上八大複合形容詞的規則有更容易熟悉了嗎?再一次看一下那表格是不是更心領神會了呢?底下表格再換個例子感受一下

Ving

pp.

N. + 

  1. a peace-loving people

  1. satellite-based data

adj. + 

  1. bitter-tasting coffee

  1. ready-made clothes

adv. + 

  1. a best-selling book

*此規則有例外

  1. much-needed help

pp. + prep./adv.

  1. worn-out shoes

adj.+ Ned

  1. a grey-haired man


 

複合形容詞練習題:請填入以下空格裡的複合形容詞,並寫出它適用於八大規則哪一個

E.g.:They are citizens who abide by the law. 


= They are law-abiding citizens. (規則:N + Ving)



1. Farmers struggled to grow crops in an area that was stricken by drought. 


= Farmers struggled to grow crops in a _______________ area. (規則:_______)



2. He likes to wear shirts with long sleeves. 


= He likes to wear _____________ shirts. (規則:___________)



3. They were having a picnic by a river that flowed slowly. 


= They were having a picnic by a ____________ river. (規則: __________)



4. Some people in Taiwan like to try tofu that smells stinky in a night market. 


= Some people in Taiwan like to try _____________ tofu in a night market. (規則: ___________)



5. At the wedding, the guests who were dressed well added an air of elegance to the celebration. 


= At the wedding, the _____________ guests added an air of elegance to the celebration. (規則:______)



如果準備好了,歡迎點我作答。該表單會自動核對答案,也會提供解析說明。

如果還是有問題的話,也歡迎私訊我們的臉書粉專IG帳號,我們會盡快回覆。祝您英文學習愉快囉 :)