G12 動詞被動態

  1. G1 核心文法
  2. G12 動詞被動態

G12-03及物動詞才有被動態，那不及物動詞一定沒有被動態嗎？

及物動詞才有被動態，那不及物動詞一定沒有被動態嗎？
 

文章編號：G12-03

及物動詞才有被動態，而不及物動詞則沒有被動態，這樣的說法是對的嗎？相信這是很多學習英文小夥伴想要了解的問題，因此日光英文也特別針對及物與不及物動詞再次深入解析，讓大家能夠充分了解究竟被動態是不是只有使用在及物動詞，而不及物動詞則一定沒有被動態。

Q1: 既然主動句換成被動句時，要先找出主動句裡的受詞，把它當被動句的主詞用，那麼主動句裡一定要用及物動詞才能改寫成被動態，因為及物動詞才會接受詞～而不及物動詞沒有受詞，所以不行換成被動態。是這樣說嗎？

A: 這說法基本上是對的，但有些小例外。


先談及物動詞是否一定都能接被動態。大部分都可以，但有些小例外．什麼例外呢？還記得《G0-004五大句型：學好英文第一步 3分鐘搞懂英文五大句型》講解五大句型時有說到及物動詞可以用在前三大句型裡？我們分別就這三大句型談談那些小例外在哪裡．
 

  1.  S + V + O：先看看可以主被動互換的狀況 

E.g.: The residents in the neighborhood fondly remember this Chinese resturant. (O是單純的名詞）

「這附近的居民很懷念這家中式餐廳。」

→ This Chinese restaurant is fondly remembered by the residents in the neighborhood. 

E.g.: Many Europeans enjoy reading. （O是動名詞）

「很多歐洲人喜歡閱讀。」

→ Reading is enjoyed by many Europeans.
（剛好就是Ving當主詞的用法，詳見《G12-05 Ving跟pp.差在哪裡？三分鐘學會Ving跟pp.的用法！》）

E.g.: They are planning to move to the USA. 

「他們正計畫要搬去美國。」

→ To move to the USA is being planned by them.
（剛好就是不定詞當主詞的用法，詳見《G21-07【英文考試必備文法】不定詞怎麼用？三大不定詞用法一次學會》）

E.g: The board members are discussing how to increase the profits. (O是個名詞片語）

「董事會成員正在討論如何增加利潤。」

→ How to increase the profits is being discussed by the board members. 

E.g.: Many experts in the WHO have studied how the Covid-19 pandemic can be contained. (O是個名詞子句）

「很多世界衛生組織的專家已經在研究這場疫情如何被控制住。」

→ How the Covid-19 pandemic can be contained has been studied by many experts in the WHO. 

以上例句看得出來，大體上及物動詞使用在S + V + O的結構下主被動互換是沒問題的，而小例外如下：

(1) 被動句意思太奇怪

E.g.: She remembered closing the door. （O是個動名詞） 「她記得有關門。」

 → Closing the door was remembered by her. 「關上門被她記得了。」

這被動句的意思就很奇怪。什麼時候我們會說出這樣的話，來強調關門這件事被記得了，或要強調關門這件事被「她」記得了？...有可能「她」得了阿茲海默症常常忘東忘西，吃了某個藥後，神奇地記得要關門了？？？？


E.g.: I want to go home. (O是個不定詞）「我想回家」

→ To go home is wanted by me. 「回家被我想要。」（？？？？？）

這被動句一樣是很奇怪的句子，這時候就不適合主被動互換了．


(2) 受詞剛好是指主詞本身，換成被動句也很奇怪

E.g.: The passengers stranded in the airport helped each other.

「困在機場的乘客彼此幫忙。」（這邊的each other就是這些乘客本身）

→ Each other was helped by the passengers stranded in the airport. (X)



(3) 少數有些及物動詞就是不能換成被動句，例如lack, resemble, have, want 等。


E.g.: These young athletes lack confidence. 「這些年輕運動員缺乏信心。」→ Confidence is lacked by these young athletes. (X)


E.g.: She resembles her mom. 「她長得像她媽。」→ Her mom is resembled by her. (X) 


E.g.: They have a big mansion in the countryside. 「他們在鄉下有大別墅。」→ A big mansion in the countryside is had by them. (X)

比較：不過動詞換成own (v) 擁有, 倒是可以主被動互換. 

They own a big mansion in the countryside. 

→ A big mansion in the countryside is owned by them. 


E.g.: She is having a sandwich for lunch. 「她正在吃個三明治當午餐。」→ A sandwich is being had by her for lunch. (X)
 

比較：不過動詞換成eat (v) 吃, 倒是可以主被動互換.

She is eating a sandwich for lunch. 「她正在吃個三明治當午餐。」

→ A sandwich is being eaten by her for lunch. (X)


E.g: She wants a designer handbag. 「她想要個名牌包。」→ A designer handbag is wanted by her. (X) 
 

want 這動詞主動句用於S + V + O結構時，真要改被動句的話，被動句主詞只能是人，而且有特定的意思。「人 + be wanted」字面意思是「某人是深切想要的」，衍生為「某人是被通緝的, 被期待出生的，或是被公司招募的」

E.g.: He is wanted by the police for the murder of a girl. 「他因為一個女孩的謀殺案被警方通緝。」

E.g.: The baby was much wanted. 「這嬰孩是被殷切期待的。」
 

 

  1.  S + V + O + OC：這樣的及物動詞一樣大部分都能主被動互換，詳見例句。小例外會用綠字標出．

E.g.: The kids saw a strange guy walk into the old house. (OC是原形動詞）「這些小孩看到一個陌生人走進這老屋。」

→ A strange guy was seen to walk into the old house by the kids. 

這邊的saw是種感官動詞用法，改成被動態時記得要還原to唷～其他感官動詞也可以轉成被動態。感官動詞完整用法詳見《G21-02感官動詞有哪些？一個口訣馬上學會感官動詞》


E.g.: His parents made him stay at home. （OC是原形動詞）「他父母要他待在家。」

→ He was made to stay at home by his parents. 

這邊的make是使役動詞用法，改成被動態時記得要還原to唷～但例外出現了！其他三個使役動詞have, get, let就不改成被動態了。使役動詞用法詳見《G21-04多益必考的使役動詞怎麼用？使役動詞make,have,let,get一次學會》

E.g.: The Ukrainians elected Volodymyr Zelensky their president. （OC是名詞）「烏克蘭人選擇澤倫斯基當總統。」

→ Volodymyr Zelensky was elected their president by the Ukrainians. 

E.g.: Her boyfriend kept her waiting in the rain for hours. （OC是現在分詞）「她男友讓她在雨中等了數小時。」

→ She was kept waiting in the rain for hours by her boyfriend. 

E.g.: The police found the criminal injured in the woods. （OC是過去分詞）「警察發現罪犯在森林中受傷了。」

→ The criminal was found injured in the woods by the police. 

E.g.: They asked him to vote for this candidate. （OC是不定詞）「他們要他投票給這位候選人。」

→ He was asked to vote for this candidate by them. 

例外！這個結構如果是使用want 「想要」這動詞，就不能換成被動句

E.g.: They wanted him to vote for this candidate. 

→ He was wanted to vote for this candidate by them. (X)


 

  1.  S + V + IO + DO

這類及物動詞有個別名，叫做「授與動詞」。因為有兩個受詞，所以一個主動句可以轉成兩個被動句，很特別。簡單舉一個例子

E.g.: He gave Cathy a luxury bag as her birthday present. 「他給凱西一個名牌包當生日禮物。」

→ Cathy was given a luxury bag as her birthday present by him.

→ A luxury bag was given to Cathy as her birthday present by him. 

所有的授與動詞都可以主被動互換，沒有例外～其用法詳見《G21-03授與動詞是什麼？專業英文老師教你如何使用授與動詞》


總結一下，整體來說，主動句裡使用及物動詞的話，一定都可以轉成被動句嗎？
大部分都可以，但有少數例外，例如被動句的意思太奇怪，主動句的受詞就是指主詞本身，或某些特定動詞(如cost, lack, resemble, have, want, 及三個使役動詞have, let, get)就不能主被動互換囉～




Q2: 不及物動詞都不能換成被動態嗎？來看看五大句型裡的後面兩個句型～
 

  1.  S + V
    既然動詞後面不接受詞，當然不能換被動態．就算真的加了介係詞去接了受詞，還是不能改成被動句。

E.g.: Nothing particular happened to him the other day. 「前幾天他沒什麼特別的事發生。」

→ He was happened to by nothing particular the other day. (X)

E.g.: This house belongs to this woman. 「這房子屬於這個女人。」

→ This woman was belonged to by this house. (X)

E.g: She ran down the stairs. 「她跑下樓梯。」

→ The stairs were run down by her. (X)


但有少數的片語例外，例如run over 「輾過」、pick up 「接送等意思」、object to「反對」、laugh at 「嘲笑」、take care of 「照顧（人）、打點（事）」、look after 「照顧」、bring about 「造成」等。

E.g.: The stray dog was run over by a car late at night. 「這流浪狗在深夜被一台車輾過。」

E.g.: The survivors were picked up by fishing boats from nearby villages. 「倖存者被附近村莊的漁船接上岸了。」

E.g.: Local loans can be objected to. 「當地貸款案可以被拒絕掉。」

E.g.: The boy was being laughed at by his classmates for his weird behavior. 「這男孩因為他奇怪的行為被同學嘲笑。」

E.g.: All the travel arrangements have been taken care of. 「所有的旅行安排事項都已經（被）打點好了。」

E.g.: You could tell that the horse had been well looked after. 「你可以看出來這匹馬有被好好地照顧。」

E.g.: The accident was brought about by John's carelessness. 「這意外是John的疏忽造成的。」

 

  1.  S + V + SC: 這類動詞有個別名叫「連綴動詞」，詳見《G21-01如何使用連綴動詞？3分鐘上手連綴動詞的用法與使用時機》

這些動詞用在主動句，因為找不到受詞，是確定無法換成被動句的。


總結一下，整體來說，主動句裡使用不及物動詞的話，大體上不可以轉成被動句，只有少數片語例外。



大總結來了，回到最初我們想討論的問題：主動句裡一定要及物動詞才能改寫成被動態，而不及物動詞不行，是這樣說嗎？日光英文的回答跟文章剛開始一樣：這說法基本上是對的，但有些小例外，文中已用綠字說明之，想必現在你心裡有底了吧。：）關於這個問題，如果有什麼想法或疑惑是和本文相關但日光英文還沒討論到的，也歡迎你私訊日光英文的臉書粉專或IGIG, 也可點我來信．


補充影片：【EP196】8分鐘看懂4個被動態常錯盲點！句子漏了這些可能全錯？！｜國中會考英文必考｜學測英文必考【Passive Voice】


最後，有位Rose老師的網路文章英文被動式文法一次掌握也針對英文的被動態有詳盡的說明，各位如果已經讀過《G12-01英文被動態8大結構與主被動態轉換完全解析》, 《G12-02英文被動態8大結構與主被動態轉換完全解析》, 本文以及《G21-05 情緒動詞句型介紹與實際案例全解析 - 正面或中性情緒動詞分享》和《G21-06 情緒動詞介紹與實際案例全解析 - 反面情緒動詞分享》，再來讀她這篇文章，會更能心領神會的：）

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